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All 118 elements

Element 50 ·post-transition metal

xī — "tin"

Tin

Traditional:

How the character is built

The radical marks this as a metal, and that is not a coincidence of this one character — it holds right across the table. Read the radical first and the element's state at room temperature is already settled. It is (jīn) squeezed into the space beside another component — radicals change shape by position, which is why is hard to spot until you know to look for .

Ancient character, and the other homophone (with 硒 xī) behind the mainland's switch from 矽 to 硅.

Where you actually meet it

锡纸 (xīzhǐ) tin foil, kitchen foil

The element itself

Tin is easy to smelt and alloys with copper to give bronze, which is why an entire age is named after the combination — and why tin, scarce and unevenly distributed, drove some of the earliest long-distance trade. Its ore, cassiterite, is dense and tough, so rivers concentrate it into placer deposits that can be worked by washing gravel; the great tin belt running from Myanmar down through Thailand and Malaysia to the Indonesian islands was mined this way for centuries. Bend a tin bar and it emits an audible creak, the "tin cry", and in prolonged deep cold the metal can crumble into a grey powder.

Where it sits among the 118

Tin melts at 232°C (505.08 K) — lower than 72 of the 97 elements whose melting point has been measured, and higher than 24. The grey dots are the rest of the table.
In the Earth's crust there is about 2.3 grams in every tonne of rock. That makes it commoner than 42 of the 93 elements that occur naturally at all. The scale is logarithmic: each gridline is ten times the one below it.

Tin is one of the fourteen elements that were known before anyone was keeping records of who found what.

In Chinese history and language

Bronze is copper plus tin, and the Zhou-era 考工记 Kǎogōngjì lays out 六齐 liùqí, six recipes giving different proportions for bells, axes, blades and mirrors — as close to a written alloy specification as the ancient world gets. What its two ingredient words actually named is still argued over, because mixing raw copper and raw tin by those ratios does not reproduce the bronzes that survive; the recipes may have been blending two ready-made alloys rather than two metals. Tin's humbler afterlife is 锡箔 xībó, tinfoil folded into ingot shapes and burned as spirit money.

Where it comes from in China

Tin means Gejiu in southeastern Yunnan, where granite intruded Triassic limestone and left cassiterite in skarns, veins and the placer gravels weathered out of them. The district has been worked for well over a thousand years, and the town is still built around it. A second belt runs through Dachang in Guangxi, where tin comes tangled up with zinc, lead and indium in the same ore.

Yunnan 云南Guangxi 广西
Yunnan and Guangxi — shaded on a map drawn from Natural Earth's public-domain data.

The full entry

For stroke order, example sentences, audio and the complete set of meanings, see the dictionary entry.

Tin in the dictionary →

Others built the same way

Every one of these carries , and every one is a metal.

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