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All 118 elements

Element 8 ·nonmetal

yǎng — "oxygen"

Oxygen

How the character is built

The radical marks this as a gas, and that is not a coincidence of this one character — it holds right across the table. Read the radical first and the element's state at room temperature is already settled.

Where you actually meet it

氧气 (yǎngqì) oxygen

The element itself

By mass, oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth's crust — close to half of it — because the rock-forming silicate minerals are essentially frameworks of oxygen atoms with metals tucked into the gaps. Stand on a granite outcrop and you are standing mostly on oxygen. The atmospheric kind is the odd part: free O₂ is chemically aggressive and would vanish within a few million years without life continually replenishing it, so a planet with an oxygen atmosphere is a planet with something on it doing the work.

Where it sits among the 118

Oxygen melts at -219°C (54.36 K) — lower than 93 of the 97 elements whose melting point has been measured, and higher than 3. The grey dots are the rest of the table.
In the Earth's crust there is about 46% of the crust by weight. That makes it commoner than 92 of the 93 elements that occur naturally at all. The scale is logarithmic: each gridline is ten times the one below it.

First isolated in 1774.

In living things

Oxygen makes up about 65% of a human by mass, mostly as water, but the reason we breathe is a single point at the end of the respiratory chain, where cytochrome c oxidase hands four electrons and four protons to one O₂ molecule and turns it into water. That reaction releases far more energy than any fermentation, which is why animals of any size only became possible once the air had oxygen in it. The bargain is that the same reactivity attacks the cell from inside: partly reduced oxygen leaks out as superoxide, and every aerobic organism carries dedicated enzymes — superoxide dismutase, catalase — whose entire job is cleaning up after the gas that keeps it alive.

The full entry

For stroke order, example sentences, audio and the complete set of meanings, see the dictionary entry.

Oxygen in the dictionary →

Others built the same way

Every one of these carries , and every one is a gas.

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